Energy Academy: http://www.energyacademy.org/article/241/etd-kees-hummelen

 

Educational Studies, Volume 11, Issue 2, 1985, pages 133-150

Energy Education in the Curriculum

M. Stubbs*

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0305569850110205

 

Energy Policy, Volume 36, Issue 8, August 2008, Pages 3226-3232

Effective education for energy efficiency

Nikolaos Zografakisa, Angeliki N. Menegakib, Konstantinos P. Tsagarakisc, , 

     http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421508002024

 

Applied Energy, Volume 40, Issue 2, 1991, Pages 119-156

Primary- and secondary-level energy education in the UK

M. Newborough, P. Getvoldsen, D. Probert, P. Page

 

Purposeful energy education in the UK

M. Newborough, D. Probert

Applied Energy, Volume 48, Issue 3, 1994, Pages 243-259

     http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306261994900132

 

Energy education in the UK Problems and perspectives  Original Research Article

Energy Policy, Volume 19, Issue 7, September 1991, Pages 659-665

M. Newborough, S.D. Probert, P.A. Page

 

Energy education  Original Research Article

Applied Energy, Volume 64, Issues 1-4, 1 September 1999, Pages 71-78

T.C Kandpal, H.P Garg

 

 

 

 

 

UNITED KINGDOM

 

Solomon

     Solomon, J. (1985). "Teacing the conservation of energy." Physics Education, 20, 165-170. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/20/4/307

 

Boohan & Ogborn

     Boohan, R., & Ogborn, J. (1996). Energy and Change. Hatsfield: Association for Science Education.

     Boohan R and Ogborn J (1996) "Differences, energy and change: a simple approach through pictures." 

     Fuchs, H. (2006). "Differences and Change and the Karlsruhe Physics Course: Structures of figurative thought in physics." Physics Didactics Conference, Universita "Federico II" di Napoli, September 28-30, 2006. https://home.zhaw.ch/~fuh/MATERIALS/Napoli_2006_Slides.pdf

 

 

Science Enhancement Programme (Boohan)

      Energy Meter: http://www.mutr.co.uk/product_info.php?cPath=18_180_516&products_id=1398

 

Millar

     Millar, Robin (2005). "Teaching about energy." Department of Educational Studies Research Paper 2005/11, University of York. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/educ/research/ResearchPaperSeries/Paper11Teachingaboutenergy.pdf

     Arnold, M., & Millar, R. (1996). "Learning the Scientific 'Story': A Case Study in the Teaching and Learning of Elementary Thermodynamics." Science Education, 80, 249-281. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/63808/abstract

 

Lawrence

     Lawrence, I. "Teaching energy: thoughts from the SPT11-14 project." Physics Education, 42 (4), 402.

http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/42/4/011

 

Shipstone & Cheng 

     Shipstone, D., and Cheng, P. (2001) "Teaching Electric Circuit Theory at A-level with AVOW Diagrams." Technical Report 72, ESRC Center for Research in Development, Instruction & Training. http://www.psychology.nottingham.ac.uk/research/credit/technical_reports/Technical_Report_72.html

     Shipstone, D. S., & Cheng, P. C.-H. (2001). Electric circuits: A new approach - part 1. School Science Review, 83(303), 55-63. http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/users/peterch/papers/ChengSSR83-303.doc

     Shipstone, D. M., & Cheng, P. C.-H. (2002). Electric circuits: A new approach - part 2. School Science Review, 83(304), 73-81. http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/users/peterch/papers/ChengSSR83-304.doc

     Cheng, P. C.-H., & Shipstone, D. M. (2003). Supporting learning and promoting conceptual change with box and AVOW diagrams. Part 1: Representational design and instructional approaches. International Journal of Science Education, 25(2), 193-204. http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/users/peterch/papers/ChengIJSE25-2.doc

     Cheng, P. C.-H., & Shipstone, D. M. (2003). Supporting learning and promoting conceptual change with box and AVOW diagrams. Part 2: Their impact on student learning at A-level. International Journal of Science Education, 25(3), 291-305. http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/users/peterch/papers/ChengIJSE25-3.doc

 

 

AUSTRALIA?  

Watts

 

 

GERMANY

 

Duit (& others)

     Duit, R. (1987). "Should energy be illustrated as something quasi-material?" International Journal of Science Education, 1987, 9(2), 139-145. Retrieved January 5, 2010 from http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a757673162&db=all 

     Duit, R. & Haeussler, P (1990). "Learning and Teaching Energy." In Fensham, P, Gunstone, R., & White, R. (Eds.), The Content of Science: A Constructivist Aproach to its Teaching and Learning. London: The Falmer Press. Retrieved January 5, 2010 fromhttp://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED390643

     Kesidou, S. & Duit, R. (1996). "Students' conceptions of the second law of thermodynamics -- an interpretive study."Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 30, 85-106. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112752991/abstract

 

Karlsruhe

CURRICULA

    Herrmann, F., and Job, G. (2006). The Karlsruhe Physics Course, Volumes 1-3 and The Teacher's Manual. http://www.physikdidaktik.uni-karlsruhe.de/publication/pub_fremdsprachen/englisch.html

     Falk, G., and Herrmann, F. Das Energiebuch. http://www.physikdidaktik.uni-karlsruhe.de/kpk/Energiebuch.pdf

BACKGROUND

     Falk, G. (1985). "Entropy, a resurrection of caloric--a look at the history of thermodynamics." European Journal of Physics, 6, 108-115. Retrieved January 5, 2010 from http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0143-0807/6/2/009 

     Falk, G., Herrmann, F., & Schmid, G. (1983). "Energy forms or energy carriers?" American Journal of Physics, 51, 1074-1077. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.13340 

     Ferbar, J. (1996). "Irresistibility of irreversibility." In New ways of teaching physics – GIREP international conference  Ljubljana, Slovenia, Proceedings (pp. 151-161.) Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://www.gesn.ch/mat_didattico/energia/testi/ferbar.pdf

     Herrmann, F. (2000). "The Karlsruhe Physics Course." European Journal of Physics, 21, 49-58. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iop/ejp/2000/00000021/00000001/art00308 

     Herrmann, F. (2004). "Entropy from the Beginning." In E. Mechlová (Ed.), GIREP Conference 2004 Proceedings: Teaching and Learning Physics in new Contexts (pp. 35–40. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://www.girep.org/proceedings/conference2004/Friedrich_Herrmann_-_Entropy_from_the_Beginning.pdf

     Richmond, P.E. (1982). "Teaching about energy." Physics Education, 17, 193-194.

     Schmid, G.B. (1982). "Energy and its carriers." Physics Education, 17, 212-218. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0031-9120/17/5/002

     Schmid, G.B. (1986). "A New Approach to Traditional Physics." The Physics Teacher, 1986, 349-352. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2342042

CRITIQUE

     Strnad, J. (2000). "On the Karlsruhe physics course." European Journal of Physics, 21, L33-L36. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/21/4/106

     Warren J.W. (1983). "Energy and its carriers: a critical analysis." Physics Education, 18, 209-212. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/-search=68422120.1/0031-9120/18/5/306

 

Job

Physical Chemistry: http://job-stiftung.de/index.php?id=36,99,0,0,1,0 (full English 2011?)

Experiments: http://job-stiftung.de/index.php?id=31,0,0,1,0,0

 

A New Concept of Thermodynamics:

English first 2 chapters: http://job-stiftung.de/pdf/buch/neudarstellung_englisch.pdf

German all: http://job-stiftung.de/pdf/buch/neudarstellung_der_waermelehre.pdf

Spanish all?: http://www.physikdidaktik.uni-karlsruhe.de/publication/job-termodinamica.pdf

 

Historical Burdens of Physics: 

http://www.physikdidaktik.uni-karlsruhe.de/publication/pub_fremdsprachen/englisch.html

 

Meyn, Jan-Peter (2011). "Renewable energy sources in terms of entropy" European Journal of Physics, 2011, 32, 185. http://iopscience.iop.org/0143-0807/32/1/017

 

 

Lebanon 

Conceptual Metaphor Meets Conceptual Change

Tamer G. Amin, Human Development Vol. 52, No. 3, 2009 :165-197 (DOI: 10.1159/000213891)

http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?doi=213891

 

 

 

SWITZERLAND (w/Karlsruhe)

      Fuchs, H. (1986). "A surrealistic tale of electricity." American Journal of Physics, 54, 907-909. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.14787

      Fuchs, H. (1987). "Entropy in the teaching of introductory thermodynamics." American Journal of Physics, 55, 215-219. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.15216

     Fuchs, H. (1996). The Dynamics of Heat. http://books.google.com/books?id=6UqYEFfLsmsC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=the+dynamics+of+heat&source=web&ots=qkdC4cG_hV&sig=n9b0K7mYukoyKP1UchnZ27DsGg8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result

     Fuchs,H. (2007). "From Image Schemas to Dynamical Models in Fluids, Electricity, Heat, and Motion. An Essay on Physics Education Research." https://home.zhaw.ch/~fuh/COURSES/JO/Files_V/PER_Essay.pdf

 

China

The Physics Teacher -- April 1989 -- Volume 27, Issue 4, pp. 272-

"An electrical model of a carnot cycle"

Minghua Chen

http://tpt.aapt.org/resource/1/phteah/v27/i4/p272_s1

 

 

USA

Eric Brewe, Phys. Rev. ST Physics Ed. Research 7, 020106 (2011) [14 pages]

Energy as a substancelike quantity that flows: Theoretical considerations and pedagogical consequences

http://prst-per.aps.org/abstract/PRSTPER/v7/i2/e020106

 

Feynman

 

 

Swackhamer

     Swackhamer, G. (2005). Energy Concept Inventory, Version 05.04.26. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from https://www.msu.edu/course/te/407/FS05Sec3/te802/files/EnergyConceptInventory.pdf

     Swackhamer, G. (2003). Cognitive Resources for Understanding Energy. Draft October 3, 2003. http://modeling.asu.edu/modeling/RESOURCES_10-03.pdf

 

Grotzer

     Grotzer, T. & Bell (1999). "Negotiating the funnel: Guiding students toward understanding elusive generative concepts." In L. Hetland & S. Veenema (Eds.), The Project Zero Classroom: Views on Understanding. Cambridge, MA: Project Zero, Harvard Graduate School of Education. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://pzweb.harvard.edu/ucp/overview/papers/negfun.pdf

     Grotzer, T. & Perkins, D. (2000). "A Taxonomy of Causal Models: The Conceptual Leaps Between Models and Students' Reflections on Them." Unpublished paper presented at National Association of Research in Science Teaching, New Orleans, LA. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://pzweb.harvard.edu/Research/UCPpapers/taxNARST.pdf

     Grotzer, T. (2000). "How Conceptual Leaps in Understanding the Nature of Causality Can Limit Learning: An Example from Electrical Circuits." Unpublished paper presented at American Educational Research Association Conference, New Orleans, LA. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://pzweb.harvard.edu/Research/UCPpapers/elecAERA.pdf

 

Art Hobson: Work is ok for energy letters

http://physics.uark.edu/hobson/pubs/04.02TPTenergy%20&%20work.html

http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/201010/letters.cfm

 

USA & ITALY

 

Heron, Michelini, Stefanel

     "TEACHING AND LEARNING THE CONCEPT OF ENERGY IN PRIMARY SCHOOL"

Paula Heron, Marisa Michelini and Alberto Stefanel, GIREP 2008

http://lsg.ucy.ac.cy/girep2008/papers/TEACHING%2520AND%2520LEARNING%2520THE%2520CONCEPT%2520OF%2520ENERGY.pdf

  

 

NETHERLANDS

 

Lijnse

     Lijnse, P. (1990). "Energy between the Life-World of Pupils and the World of Physics." Science Education, 74, 571-583. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/sce.3730740507

 

Kaper & Logman

 

 

 

 

ISRAEL

 

Trumper

 

 

OTHER

 

Physics Education fight through 1970s

     Heath, N.E. (1974). "Heating." Physics Education, 9, 490-491. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/9/7/117

     Warren, J.W. (1986) "At what stage should energy be taught?" Physics Education, 21, 1986, 154-156. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/-search=68422126.1/0031-9120/21/3/307

     Shaw, R. (1974). "How do you teach heat in schools?" Physics Education, 9, 73-74. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/9/2/001

 

 

 

GOOD ENERGY REFS

     Griffith, S. (2008). The Game Plan: A solution framework for the climate challenge. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://www.wattzon.com/pdfs/GamePlan_v1.0.pdf

     Griffith, S., Krikorian, R., & McBride, J., Cloud, J., & Fox, J. (2008). "What Is WattzOn?" Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://www.wattzon.com/about

     Next Agenda (2009). The Clean Energy Challenge and the Context of Climate Change. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://nextagenda.com/challenge

     LLNL, Lawrence Livermore National Labs (2008). Estimated Energy Use in 2008: ~99.2 Quads. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from https://publicaffairs.llnl.gov/news/energy/energy.html

      Lewis, N. (2007). "Powering the Planet." Engineering & Science, 2, 13-23. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://nsl.caltech.edu/files/ptp-eng-and-sci-2007.pdf

     MacKay, D. (2009). Sustainable Energy -- without the hot air. http://withouthotair.com

     National Science Board (2009). Building a Sustainable Energy Future: U.S. Actions for an Effective Energy Economy Transformation. August 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2009/nsb0955/index.jsp?org=NSF

     Papadouris, N., Constantinou, C., & Kyratsi, T (2008). "Students' Use of the Energy Model to Account for Changes in Physical Systems." Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 45, 444-469. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117861042/abstract 

 

 

ASSESSMENTS

     DeWaters, J. (2009). Energy Literacy Survey: A Broad Assessment of Energy-related Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors. Potsdam: Clarkson University.

     McKeown, R. (2007). "Energy Myth Two -- The Public is Well Informed About Energy." In B.K. Sovacool, B.K. & M.A. Brown (Eds.) Energy and American Society -- Thirteen Myths (pp. 51-74). Netherlands: Springer. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/p20ut57utgl30062/

     NAEP, National Assessment of Educational Progress (1978). Energy: Knowledge and Attitudes, A National Assessment of Energy Awareness Among Young Adults. Denver: Education Commission of the States.

     NEETF, National Environmental Education and Training Foundation (2005). Environmental Literacy in America: What 10 years of NEETF/Roper research and related studies say about environmental literacy in the U.S.. Washington, D.C.: NEETF. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.neefusa.org/pdf/ELR2005.pdf

     NEETF & Roper ASW (2002). Americans' Low "Energy IQ." A Risk to Our Energy Future: Why America Needs a Refresher Course on Energy. Washington, D.C.: NEETF. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.neefusa.org/pdf/roper/Roper2002.pdf

 

 

 

STANDARDS

     AAAS, American Association for the Advancement of Science (1990). Science for All Americans. New York: Oxford University Press. 

     AAAS, American Association for the Advancement of Science (1993). Benchmarks for Scientific Literacy: Project 2061. New York: Oxford University Press.

     California Department of Education (1998). Science Content Standards for California Public Schools: Kindergarten Through Grade Twelve. Sacramento: California Department of Education. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/documents/sciencestnd.pdf

     DoE, Department of Energy (1982). A Conceptual Framework for Energy Education, K-12. Virginia: U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/31/d0/d2.pdf 

 

 

ENTROPY

     Bejan, A. (1998). Shape and Structure, from Engineering to Nature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

     Callendar, H.L. (1911). "The Caloric Theory of Heat and Carnot's Principle." Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, 23, 153-189. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1478-7814/23/1/315 

     Keenan, J., Gyftopoulos, E, & Hatsopoulos, G. (1974) "The Fuel Shortage and Thermodynamics -- The Entropy Crisis." In M. Mackrais (Ed.), Energy: Demand, Conservation, and Institutional Problems (pp. 455-466). Cambridge: The MIT Press.

 

 

ENERGY CURRICULA

     Morrisey, J.T. & Barrow, L. (1984). "A Review of Energy Education: 1975 to NEED 1981." Science Education, 68 (4), 365-379. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112768897/abstract 

     Edison Foundation. Science Teaching Experiments. http://www.charlesedisonfund.org/Experiments/experiments.html

     MoS, Museum of Science, Boston (2005). Engineering the Future: Science, Technology, and the Design Process. Emeryville: Key Curriculum Press.

     NSTA, National Science Teachers Association (1984). The Project for an Energy-Enriched Curriculum, Final Report. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6342062

 

 

CLIMATE

     National Geographic

     Sterman, J. & Sweeney, L.B. (2007). "Understanding public complacency about climate change: adults' mental models of climate change violate conservation of matter." Climatic Change, 80, 213-238. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/f367413412565006/

     Sweeney, L.B. (2001). When a Butterfly Sneezes: A Guide for Helping Kids Explore Interconnections in Our World Through Favorite Stories. Waltham: Pegasus Communications, Inc. 

 

 

BEHAVIOR

     Gardner, G., & Stern, P. (2008, September/October). "The Short List: The Most Effective Actions U.S. Households Can Take to Curb Climate Change." environmentmagazine.com. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.environmentmagazine.org/Archives/Back%20Issues/September-October%202008/gardner-stern-full.html

     Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E, & Roser-Renouf, C. (2009). Saving Energy at Home and On the Road: A survey of Americans’ energy saving behaviors, intentions, motivations, and barriers. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://www.climatechangecommunication.org/images/files/SavingEnergyatHome&OntheRoad.pdf

     National Research Council (1984). Energy use: The Human Dimension.  New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9259

     Porter Novelli & George Mason University, 2008 Retrieved January 5, 2010, from 

 

 

ELECTRICITY

     Clement, J., & Steinberg, M. (2002). "Step-Wise Evolution of Mental Models of Electric Circuits: A 'Learning-Aloud' Case Study."The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 11, 389-452. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1466745 

     Härtel, H. (1985). "The electric circuit as a system." In R. Duit, W. Jung., & Ch. von Rhöneck (Eds.), Aspects of understanding electricity (pp.343-352). Keil, Germany: Schmidt & Klaunig.

     Steinberg, M. & Wainwright, C. (1993). "Using Models to Teach Electricity — The CASTLE Project." The Physics Teacher, 31, 353-357. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2343798

     CASTLE Curriculum: http://www.pasco.com/featured-products/castle/page_3.cfm

 

 

EVALUATION 

     Middleton, J., Gorard, S, Taylor, C., & Bannan-Ritland, B. (2006). The 'Compleat' Design Experiment: from soup to nuts. University of York, Department of Educational Studies Research Paper 2006/05. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from https://www.york.ac.uk/depts/educ/research/ResearchPaperSeries/Paper18Thecompleatdesignexperiment.pdf

 

 

CURRENT EVENTS

     Obama, Barack. Remarks by the President at the National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting, April 27, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-at-the-National-Academy-of-Sciences-Annual-Meeting/

 

 

MATH

     Sullivan, J. (2008). "The Box Method for Teaching Ratio and Proportion Problems" Unpublished paper presented at the annual meeting of the The Mathematical Association of America MathFest, Madison, Wisconsin. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://www.allacademic.com/meta/p271335_index.html

 

 

COG SCI

     Reiner, M., Slotta, J., Chi, M., & Resnick, L. (2000). "Naive Physics Reasoning: A Commitment to Substance-Based Conceptions." Cognition and Instruction, 18, 1-34. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.jstor.org/pss/3233798

 

 

EDU REF

     Duschl, R.A., Schweingruber, H.A., & Shouse, A.W. (2007). Taking Science to School: Learning and Teaching Science in Grades K-8. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11625

     Linn, M., diSessa, A., Pea, R., & Songer, N. (1994). "Can Research on Science Learning and Instruction Inform Standards for Science Education?" Journal of Science Education and Technology, 3, 7-15. Retrieved January 5, 2010, fromhttp://www.springerlink.com/index/M0V714W721T5VW0K.pdf

     Lyons, T. (2006). “Different Countries, Same Science Classes: Students' experience of school science classes in their own words.” International Journal of Science Education, 28, 591-613. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from,http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a743946808

     National Academies (2009). Engineering in K-12 Education: Understanding the Status and Improving the Prospects. Washington, D.C.: THe National Academies Press. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12635

     Harrison, A. & Coll, R. (Eds.) (2008). Using Analogies in Middle and Secondary Science Classrooms: The FAR Guide — An Interesting Way to Teach Wtih Analogies. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press.

     Osborne, J., Collins, S., Ratcliffe, M., Millar, R., & Duschl, R. (2002). “What 'Ideas About Science' Should be Taught in School Science? A Dephi Study of the Expert Community.” Journal of the Research of Science Teaching, 40, 692-720. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/104555252/abstract

     Norman, O., Ault Jr., C. R. , Bentz, B. & Meskimen, L. (2001). “The black-white achievement gap as a perennial challenge of urban science education: A sociocultural and historical overview with implications for research and practice.” Journal of Research in Science Teaching. Vol. 38, No. 10 pp. 1101-1114. 

     Ryder, J. (2001). "Identifying Science Understanding for Functional Scientific Literacy." Studies in Science Education, 36, 1-44. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a791786624&db=all

     Shulman, L. (1986). "Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching." Educational Researcher, 15, 4-14. Retrieved January 5, 2010 from http://edr.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/15/2/4

      Steele, C.M. (1997). “A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance.” American Psychologist. Vol. 52 No. 6, pp. 613-629. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&uid=1997-04591-001